Rural household outdoor power supply

However, it should be noted that traditional energy sources still dominate energy consumption in rural areas, with a low energy-utilization efficiency and high carbon emission levels, making the energy revolution in rural areas a long and arduous task.

Key directions for rural energy development include utilizing biomass energy, solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, and other complementary energy systems. Heating technology is central to rural energy development and utilization, and promoting rural energy-saving technology remains essential [,, ].

Commercial energy comprised 90.2 % of rural production energy, primarily supplied by the national energy system . Despite progress, issues of energy poverty and equity persist in rural areas.

On average, approximately 80–90 % of all the energy consumed in rural households is allocated for cooking and heating water . The remaining energy is used for tasks such as lighting, winter heating, and basic appliances like radios and fans .

Third, it is essential to adapt to the times, improve power quality and increase its efficiency to bolster the green and low-carbon transformation of rural energy consumption. Rural energy, as an important part of China's energy system, is the cornerstone and guarantee for the comprehensive vitalization of rural areas.

In 2020, the total primary energy consumption in non-electrified rural Chinese households consisted of traditional biofuels (73 %), oil products (19 %), solar energy (7 %), and coal (1 %, primarily charcoal). For cooking and water heating, fuelwood and dung together account for approximately 75–95 % of the energy used [, , ].